Scientific knowledge no longer lives in separate boxes. What used to be divided into “official journals,” “books,” “preprint servers,” “web pages,” and now “AI outputs” has become a single, tangled space where ideas move freely across formats and platforms. Articles are discussed on social media, preprints drive clinical decisions, AI systems summarize and rank findings, and blog posts can influence policy as strongly as some peer‑reviewed papers. In this new reality, the old assumption that prestige of venue equals trustworthiness has simply broken down. Yet our rules and expectations have not caught up. We still judge a paper differently depending on where it appears, even when the methods and data are identical. We tolerate uneven standards for transparency, conflicts of interest, and accountability. We treat reviewers as invisible gatekeepers rather than authors of influential scientific work. And we are only beginning to think seriously about how artificial intelligence sy...

  Every substrate that can host intelligence— biological, silicon, quantum , or forms we have yet to invent—carries within itself a story of emergence and dissolution. None is eternal. Each has built‑in pathways of wear, breakdown, and eventual failure. When we look at intelligence through this lens, the usual boundary drawn between “human” and “artificial” minds stops being fundamental and becomes primarily a matter of timing. Biological brains illustrate this clearly. The human nervous system is a dynamic, self‑repairing architecture, but it is assembled from fragile, carbon‑based molecules. Over time, oxidative stress damages cells, proteins misfold and accumulate, and blood vessels stiffen and clog. Neural networks lose flexibility, memories fade, and cognition slows. Aging is, in essence, the gradual loss of the brain’s ability to hold back entropy —the natural tendency of systems to drift toward disorder. Non‑biological substrates offer different rhythms but not different des...

During heatwaves, the key to safety is not just “drinking more” but drinking wisely . That means the right total amount of fluid, taken in small, frequent portions, at a comfortable cool (not ice‑cold) temperature, combined with sensible limits on physical activity in the heat. Electrolyte drinks and oral rehydration solutions are useful tools in specific situations—heavy sweating, prolonged outdoor work, or illness—but they sit within a broader sequence of protective actions: water quantity, drinking pattern, food choices, and activity planning. 1. Who is most vulnerable in heat? Certain groups are more likely to suffer dehydration , heat exhaustion , or heatstroke : Older adults, especially over 65, and people living alone. Individuals with heart, lung, kidney disease, diabetes, or neurological conditions . Pregnant women, infants, and very young children. People on medications that affect fluids or blood pressure (diuretics, some antidepressants , antipsychotics). Outdoor workers...

For most of human history, we assumed we sat at the center of everything. This mindset— anthropocentrism —held that human minds were fundamentally different from, and superior to, the awareness found in animals or nature. It treated human reason as the ultimate yardstick for truth, and viewed the world as a stage built for human ambition. This made sense given what we knew. When the only intelligence around was biological, and humans clearly out-thought every other creature, it seemed obvious that we represented the peak of consciousness. Religion, philosophy, and science all echoed this idea in their own ways: humans as made in God's image, as the " rational animal ," as evolution's crowning achievement. Even as we built machines that could calculate and perceive, we saw them as tools—extensions of our will, not participants in thinking itself. Early AI didn't challenge this view much. Machine learning systems learned from human data and mimicked human patterns...

The World Health Organization ’s declaration that climate change is “the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century” frames climate as a systemic hazard that is already reshaping patterns of disease, mortality, and health‑system burden. At the same time, the emerging field of meteosensitivity shows that weather and atmospheric changes do not affect all bodies equally, but act through vulnerable subgroups whose physiology, illnesses, and life circumstances render them uniquely sensitive to the changing atmosphere. Bringing these two perspectives together—global climate threat and individual meteosensitivity—reveals a crucial missing layer in contemporary climate–health policy and clinical practice. WHO’s 2015 Call to Action explicitly names the main health pathways of climate change: more heat‑waves and extreme weather, shifting infectious disease patterns, water and food insecurity, and rising burdens of cancer, respiratory, cardiovascular and other non‑communicable disease...

   The emergence of the human brain marks not merely another step in biological evolution , but a fundamental shift in how evolution itself is enacted. This shift can be understood as a “ reflexive turn ”—a moment in which natural intelligence becomes capable of recognizing, modeling, and applying the very principles that have always governed it. At the center of this transformation lies what may be called the Principle of Optimality : a universal tendency for systems to organize, adapt, and persist in ways that maximize functional coherence within constraints. This principle has operated since the earliest formations of matter and life. Molecules assemble, cells regulate, and ecosystems stabilize without awareness of the laws they embody. The principle does not require observation to function; it is intrinsic to the dynamics of physical and biological systems. However, with the emergence of the human brain, something qualitatively new appears. For the first time, a system ar...

At first glance, the Theory of Functional Systems (TFS), developed by Pyotr Anokhin , belongs to the realm of "old" physiology. In reality, it proves to be closer to modern artificial intelligence, control theory, and cybernetics than to classical textbooks on reflexes. We regard TFS not as a historical curiosity, but as a rigorous model of how a system acts purposefully—specifically, how it achieves a result and maintains its stability. This model is inherently scalable: the same logic applies to an individual neuron, an entire nervous system, an artificial network, a hospital, a city, or a planetary network. In other words, we can describe a hospital or a city using the same conceptual apparatus as a single neuron. The Rejection of Linear Determinism For a long time, the primary framework of neurophysiology and its application to other sciences was the reflex —the " stimulus-response " mechanism. There is a stimulus, followed by a response; it appears simple and e...