The emergence of the human brain marks not merely another step in biological evolution , but a fundamental shift in how evolution itself is enacted. This shift can be understood as a “ reflexive turn ”—a moment in which natural intelligence becomes capable of recognizing, modeling, and applying the very principles that have always governed it. At the center of this transformation lies what may be called the Principle of Optimality : a universal tendency for systems to organize, adapt, and persist in ways that maximize functional coherence within constraints. This principle has operated since the earliest formations of matter and life. Molecules assemble, cells regulate, and ecosystems stabilize without awareness of the laws they embody. The principle does not require observation to function; it is intrinsic to the dynamics of physical and biological systems. However, with the emergence of the human brain, something qualitatively new appears. For the first time, a system ar...

At first glance, the Theory of Functional Systems (TFS), developed by Pyotr Anokhin , belongs to the realm of "old" physiology. In reality, it proves to be closer to modern artificial intelligence, control theory, and cybernetics than to classical textbooks on reflexes. We regard TFS not as a historical curiosity, but as a rigorous model of how a system acts purposefully—specifically, how it achieves a result and maintains its stability. This model is inherently scalable: the same logic applies to an individual neuron, an entire nervous system, an artificial network, a hospital, a city, or a planetary network. In other words, we can describe a hospital or a city using the same conceptual apparatus as a single neuron. The Rejection of Linear Determinism For a long time, the primary framework of neurophysiology and its application to other sciences was the reflex —the " stimulus-response " mechanism. There is a stimulus, followed by a response; it appears simple and e...

  Preface This book begins with a simple but increasingly necessary claim: the language we commonly use for trauma is no longer enough for the worlds many people who do not live after danger, but inside it. In war, occupation, forced displacement, chronic violence, social collapse, corruption, institutional betrayal , and digitally amplified threat, human beings often live not in the aftermath of trauma but in conditions where the next blow remains possible, and where the nervous system is not mistaken to stay on guard. Throughout this book, the term trauma refers primarily to the psychological expression of prolonged threat rather than only to bodily wound or physical destruction. The central question is how continuous danger reorganizes stress systems across time—altering reference points, internal models, and action-learning loops—until these changes appear in daytime distress, disturbed sleep, nightmares, and chronified habits.  Classical posttraumatic frameworks rema...

  Weather is not a fixed set of numbers on a forecast. It is a moving environment in which temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, light, and even subtle atmospheric forces change continuously, often unevenly, and sometimes abruptly. What matters most for the human body is rarely the daily average; it is the size, speed, duration, and direction of change. The same weather pattern may feel mild for one person and exhausting for another, depending on age, fitness, body composition, and chronic disease. This is why meteosensitivity cannot be understood only through static measurements. A body reacts to transitions, not just states. Rapid warming, sharp cooling, falling pressure, dry air, gusty winds, unstable light, and seasonal shifts can all create physiological stress, especially in infants, older adults, and people with cardiovascular , respiratory , or kidney disease . Temperature: Level, Direction, and Speed Temperature is the most familiar weather factor, but its biological eff...

A recent stroke study found that early temperature rise in the first 24 hours is a strong predictor of poor outcome , but it did not fully explain what that rise means biologically. In our book, the same phenomenon can be understood as a sign that stroke healing has moved away from eureactive optimality and toward a more complicated, hyperreactive inflammatory course .  What the article shows The article demonstrates that a single admission temperature is not very useful, while a rise in temperature during the first day is much more informative for predicting 3-month outcome in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke . That is an important practical finding, because it supports repeated monitoring rather than reliance on one baseline measurement. The study also suggests that antipyretic treatment should be guided by dynamic temperature change rather than by admission temperature alone. What the book adds Our book proposes a deeper interpretation : stroke is not simply necrosis, but ...

  Abstract Despite recent criticism and emerging P2Y12 inhibitors, aspirin maintains its position as the cornerstone antiplatelet agent in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention. This article argues that aspirin's advantages extend beyond conventional antiplatelet effects through three mechanisms: (1) dual pharmacodynamic action—antiplatelet + antiinflammatory targeting atherosclerosis as a metabolic-inflammatory disease, (2) established efficacy in both primary and secondary prevention per current ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines, and (3) unexpected screening role in early cancer diagnosis through aspirin-triggered bleeding unmasking silent malignancies. These mechanisms collectively support aspirin as the antiplatelet of first choice in ASCVD management. Contemporary specialists should critically reassess modern attacks on aspirin before abandoning this cornerstone therapy, as in reality aspirin can occur as the better choice in both primary and secondary prevention appl...