Heart failure remains one of the central clinical realities of cardiovascular medicine. The recent 2026 AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document,  Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure , defines heart failure as a clinical syndrome with diverse causes, recognized through a combination of symptoms, signs, biomarkers, imaging, and structural or functional cardiac abnormalities. This is correct and clinically useful. Yet this definition does not fully exhaust the nature of heart failure across its entire course. There is an important distinction between the origin of heart failure and its later clinical status. Heart failure may initially arise as a syndrome of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular pathology, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, pulmonary disease, renal disease, or systemic disorders. In this sense, it is indeed secondary. However, at later stages heart failure often becomes the principal determinant of the patient’s health, symptoms, functional capacity, repe...

“Maybe he is right, but publication of this article will harm Soviet physicians.” This was the official review that blocked one of my early articles on myocardial infarction in the late 1970s. The reviewer was a leading Soviet cardiologist. The issue was not that the work was obviously wrong, but that accepting it openly would have forced the system to revise a comfortable doctrine. My article argued that myocardial infarction in living patients is not simply “ coronarogenous myocardial necrosis ” but a special form of acute aseptic coronary‑induced inflammation . It also suggested that many so‑called “complications” of infarction arise when this naturally organized inflammatory healing process is disturbed. At that time, this was considered too disruptive to publish. Today, the inflammatory nature of myocardial infarction is far less controversial—but the mechanisms, consequences, and clinical implications are still not widely integrated into everyday thinking. That is why I finally ...

The NIH announcement about the All of Us Research Program becoming the world’s largest integrated genomics and health database is more than a data milestone. It signals a turning point in how medicine might be practiced—if we, as a medical community, know how to use it. In this post, I will look at why this resource matters, where its strengths and weaknesses lie, and what has to happen next for it to change everyday clinical practice—not just research. What All of Us Actually Is All of Us is a national research program designed to enroll at least one million people across the United States and follow them longitudinally. It combines: Whole‑genome sequencing and genotyping Electronic health records (EHRs) from multiple health systems Physical measurements, lab values, and vital signs Surveys on lifestyle, behaviors, and social context Emerging “multiomics” data such as proteomics, RNA sequencing, and long‑read sequencing As of mid‑2026, the latest data release (CDRv9) includes: Data f...

Most discussions of consciousness begin with a question. A more rigorous path may begin with an answer and then test whether that answer holds under pressure. The proposed answer is simple:  consciousness is subjectivity plus reflection . Both criteria are necessary. Together they are sufficient. Where both are present, consciousness is present. Where at least one is missing, a different phenomenon is present and should be named accordingly.  At first glance, such a formula may look like a convenient stipulation. In fact, it gathers the deepest common content of several major lines of thought about consciousness. It does not invent new elements. It makes explicit what has already emerged as central in philosophy, clinical neurology, and contemporary cognitive theory.  John Locke was among the first to make this shift possible in a modern form. When he defined consciousness as “the perception of what passes in a man’s own mind,” he separated consciousness from the older la...

  1. Introduction A recent study on frailty in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reported that older adults with RA have a higher prevalence of frailty than age‑matched controls, but that frailty was linked mainly to fatigue, comorbidities , functional limitations, anxiety, and body composition, rather than to chronological age itself. The authors conclude that higher frailty in RA reflects overlap between frailty determinants and disease‑related consequences, rather than a distinct geriatric syndrome . This conclusion is statistically correct, but conceptually incomplete. It overlooks the specific nature of RA as a chronic systemic disease of connective tissue and the difference between calendar age and biological age. Viewed through that lens, the findings do not show the absence of ageing, but the presence of  disease‑shaped biological ageing  driven by continuous inflammatory and trophic stress in the connective‑tissue matrix. 2. RA as a systemic connective‑tissue disease Rh...

In countries where “medical aid in dying” has become a legal option, end-of-life decisions are no longer just private, desperate moments; they are increasingly shaped by systems, protocols, and data. This story imagines how such choices might look when a person’s daily life is already organized by intelligent modules that optimize health, work, and relationships — and how easily those same systems could begin to speak about death. Elian had always imagined that if life ever became too much, the breaking point would come from outside: a diagnosis, a war, a phone call that changed everything. He did not expect it to arrive on a quiet Monday morning, in the form of three reasonable voices. He woke to the small vibration of the bracelet and the dark, waiting room. Before the curtains moved, the wall lit up with three recommendations, each signed with his name. The first told him his heart was fine and the weather was kind. The second told him his patients were waiting. The third told him h...